Society, Economy & the Constitution

Constitution Basics

A Constitution is the fundamental law of a state — it establishes the structure of government, defines the powers and limits of each branch, and guarantees the rights of citizens. Every other law in the country must conform to it; a law that conflicts with the Constitution can be struck down.

The 1987 Constitution was created after the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution, replacing the 1973 Constitution associated with the Marcos administration. It was designed specifically to restore democratic institutions, strengthen human rights protections, and prevent the concentration of power that enabled martial law.

National Economy and Patrimony (Article XII)

Covers rules on Filipino ownership requirements for land, natural resources, and certain industries — generally requiring majority Filipino ownership in specific sectors to protect national patrimony, along with provisions on the exploration and use of natural resources.

Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports (Article XIV)

• • The state protects and promotes the right to quality education at all levels
• • Academic freedom is guaranteed to institutions of higher learning
• • Filipino is the national language; Filipino and English are the official languages for communication and instruction, with regional languages recognized as auxiliary official languages in their respective regions

Family (Article XV)

Recognizes the family as the foundation of the nation and the basic autonomous social institution. Covers the protection of marriage, family rights, and the special protection of the youth, women, and children from exploitation and abuse.

General Provisions (Article XVI)

A catch-all article covering various state symbols and institutions: the design and use of the Philippine flag, the role of the Armed Forces and police, provisions on mass media ownership (generally restricted to Filipino citizens or entities), and other miscellaneous constitutional matters.

Amendments and Revisions (Article XVII)

Three recognized ways to amend or revise the Constitution:

• • Congress acting as a Constituent Assembly — Congress itself proposes amendments
• • Constitutional Convention — a separate body specifically convened to propose changes
• • People's Initiative — registered voters directly petition to propose specific amendments, subject to signature and verification requirements

Eligible PH is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or connected to the Civil Service Commission. This page is provided as general guidance — always verify current requirements, deadlines, and procedures directly with the CSC.